Debugging Your C# Apps

Debugging refers to the process of trying to track down errors in your programmes.
It can also refer to handling potential errors that may occur. There are three
types of errors that we’ll take a look at:

• Design-time errors
• Run-Time errors
• Logical errors

The longer your code gets, the harder it is to track down why things are not
working. By the end of this section, you should have a good idea of where to
start looking for problems. But bear in mind that debugging can be an art in
itself, and it gets easier with practice.

Errors at Design-Time

Design-Time errors are ones that you make before the programme even runs. In
fact, for Design-Time errors, the programme won’t run at all, most of the time.
You’ll get a popup message telling you that there were build errors, and asking
would you like to continue.

Design-Time errors are easy enough to spot because the C# software will underline
them with a wavy coloured line. You’ll see three different coloured lines: blue,
red and green. The blue wavy lines are known as Edit and Continue issues,
meaning that you can make change to your code without having to stop the programme
altogether. Red wavy lines are Syntax errors, such as a missing semicolon
at the end of a line, or a missing curly bracket in an IF Statement. Green wavy
lines are Compiler Warnings. You get these when C# spots something that
could potentially cause a problem, such as declaring a variable that’s never
used.

Red Wavy Lines

In the image below, you can see that there’s a red wavy line under textBox2
(earlier versions of Visual Studio may have blue wavy lines, instead of red
ones):

This is an Edit and Continue error. It’s been flagged because the form doesn’t
have a control called textBox2 – it’s called textBox1. We can simply delete
the 2 and replace it with a 1. The programme can then run successfully. Holding
your mouse over the wavy underline gives an explanation of the error.

Click the arrow next to the light bulb to see a list of potential fixes:

Some of these explanations are not terribly helpful, however!

Red Marks

These are Syntax errors. (Syntax is the “grammar” of a programming
language, all those curly brackets and semicolons. Think of a Syntax error as
the equivalent of programming spelling mistake.)

In the code below, we’ve missed out the semicolon at the end of the line:

Holding the mouse pointer over the red wavy line gives the following message:

It’s telling us that a semicolon ( ; ) is expected where the red wavy underline
is.

In the next image, we’ve missed out a round bracket for the IF Statement:

Adding the round bracket will make the red wavy underline go away.

Green Wavy Lines

These are Compiler Warnings, the C# way of alerting you to potential problems.
As an example, here’s some code that has a green wavy underline:

Holding the mouse pointer over the green underlines gives the following message:

C# is flagging this because we have set aside some memory for the variable,
but we’re not doing anything with it.

This one is easy enough to solve, but some Compiler Errors can be a bit of
a nuisance, and the messages not nearly as helpful as the one above!

Whatever the colour of the underline, though, the point to bear in mind is this:
C# thinks it has spotted an error in your code. It’s up to you to correct it!

In the next part, we’ll take a look at Run Time errors.

|